Questions!
1) Give a
brief explanations about their policy and invention for each oh them:
- Herman William Daendels
- Thomas Stamford Raffles
- Van Den Bosch
- Multatuli
- Conrad Theodore van Deventer
- Van der Cappellen
- Willem Janssen
2) Use picture
in your explanations!
Answers
- Herman William Daendels
He built new hospitals and military barracks, a new arms factories in Surabaya and Semarang, and a new military college in Batavia. He demolished the Castle in Batavia and replaced it with a new fort at Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara), and built Fort Lodewijk in Surabaya. However, his best-known achievement was the construction of the Great Post Road (Indonesian: Jalan Raya Pos) across northern Java from Anjer to Panaroecan. The road now serves as the main road in the island of Java, called Jalur Pantura. The thousand-kilometre road was completed in only one year, during which thousands of Javanese forced labourers died.
He displayed a firm attitude towards the Javanese rulers, with the result that the rulers were willing to work with the British against the Dutch. He also subjected the population of Java to forced labour (Rodi). There were some rebellious actions against this, such as those in Cadas Pangeran, West Java.
There is considerable debate as to whether he increased the efficiency of the local bureaucracy and reduced corruption, although he certainly enriched himself during this period.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels)
- Thomas Stamford Raffles
Bintan was also under consideration. Despite the fact that Francis Light overlooked the island before settling upon Penang in 1786, the Riau Archipelago was an attractive choice just to the south of the Malay Peninsula, for its proximity to Malacca. In his correspondences with Calcutta, Raffles also emphasized the need to establish a certain amount of influence with the native chiefs, which had greatly waned since the return of the Dutch. Raffles sent Thomas Travers as an ambassador to the Dutch, to possibly negotiate an expansion of British economic interests. When this failed, and when Raffles’ own expeditions into his new dominion found only treacherous terrain and few exportable goods, his desire to establish a better British presence was cemented.
However, the Anglo-Dutch Convention of 1814 was not completely clear, especially on the issue of certain possessions such as Padang. The Convention of 1814 only returned Dutch territory that was held before 1803, which did not include Padang. Raffles asserted the British claim personally, leading a small expedition to the Sultanate of Minangkabau. Yet, as Raffles confirmed with the sultan regarding the absolute British influence of the area, he realized that the local rulers had only limited power over the well-cultivated and civilized country, and the treaty was largely symbolic and had little actual force.
Meanwhile, Major William Farquhar, the British Resident of Malacca, had been attempting to negotiate commercial treaties with the local chiefs of the Riau Archipelago, especially with the heads of the Sultanate of Johore. Due to the death and subsequent turmoil of the sultanate at the time of Farquhar’s arrival, Farquhar was compelled to sign the treaty not with the official head of the sultanate, but rather, the Raja Muda (Regent or Crown Prince) of Riau. Noting it as a success and reporting it as such back to Raffles, Raffles sailed to Malacca in late 1818 to personally secure a British presence in the Riau area, especially Singapura, which was favoured by him both through the readings of Malayan histories and by Farquhar’s explorations.
Despite Lord Hastings’ less-than-stellar opinion of Raffles before (which had necessitated his trip to England to clear his name at the end of his tenure as Governor-General of Java), the now well-connected and successful Raffles was able to secure the permission to set up a settlement where in Malaysian history the name Lion City was applied and was in a strategically advantageous position. However, he was not to provoke the Dutch, and his actions were officially disavowed. Despite the best efforts in London by authorities such as the Viscount Castlereagh to quell Dutch fears and the continuing efforts to reach an agreement between the nations that eventually became the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of London of 1824, as well as to send instructions to Raffles to undertake far less intrusive actions, the distance between the Far East and Europe had meant that the orders had no chance of reaching Raffles in time for his venture to begin.
After a brief survey of the Karimun Islands, on 29 January 1819, he established a post at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It was established that there was no Dutch presence on the island of Singapore. Johore also no longer had any control of the area, so contact was made with the local Temenggong, or Raja. The contacts were friendly and Raffles, knowledgeable about the muddled political situation, took advantage to provide a rudimentary treaty between the nominal chiefs of the area that called for the exclusivity of trade and the British protection of the area. Members of Raffles’ party surveyed the island and proceeded to request the presence of the sultan, or whoever at the time had supreme nominal power, to sign a formal treaty, while Major Farquhar was ordered to do the same in Rhio (Riau). A few days later, the formal treaty was signed by a man who claimed to be the “lawful sovereign of the whole of territories extending from Lingga and Johor to Mount Muar”. This man was Hussein Shah of Johor, who, although having had no previous contact with the British, had certainly heard of the might of the British navy and was in no position to argue against the terms. However, Raffles was able to charm the man and to reassure him that the Dutch posed no threat in the area. Hussein Shah had been the crown Prince of Johor, but while he was away in Pahang to get married, his father died and his younger brother was made sultan, supported by some of the court officials and the Dutch. To circumvent the situation of having to negotiate with a sultan influenced by the Dutch, Raffles decided to recognise, on behalf of the British Crown, Hussein Shah as being the rightful ruler of Johor. Farquhar’s attempt to establish a more favorable treaty in Rhio (Riau) was met with greater challenge, as the Dutch were present and made for a rather awkward position. The Dutch were alarmed and sent a small contingent to the island. Despite a covert offer of subterfuge against the Dutch offered by the Raja of Rhio (Riau), Farquhar returned and an official protest was sent by the Raja to Java regarding the matter.
Raffles declared the foundation of what was to become modern Singapore on 6 February, securing the transfer of control of the island to the East India Company. With much pomp and ceremony, the official treaty was read aloud in languages representing all nations present, as well as the Malay and Chinese inhabitants. Hussein Shah was paid $5,000 a year while the local Temenggong received $3,000 a year, both massive sums at the time, equivalent to several hundred thousand dollars now.. Farquhar was officially named the Resident of Singapore as Raffles was named as “Agent to the Most Noble the Governor-General with the States of Rhio (Riau),Lingin and Johor”. Although ownership of the post was to be exclusively British, explicit orders were given to Farquhar to maintain free passage of ships through the Strait of Singapore and a small military presence was established alongside the trading post. After issuing orders to Farquhar and the remaining Europeans, Raffles left the next day, 7 February 1819.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Raffles)
- Van Den Bosch
He was recommissioned in the army as a Colonel and made Commander of Maastricht. He later became a Major General. Van den Bosch helped found the Society for the Founding of Poor Colonies and was especially associated with the Colony of Frederiksoord.
In 1827, he became the commissary general and was sent back to Jakarta, where he was made Governor-General in 1830. Van den Bosch returned to the Netherlands five years later and took over the governing of the colony. He retired voluntarily in 1839, when he was elevated to the noble rank of Count and made Minister of State on December 25 of that year. Van den Bosch died on January 1844 at his estate in the Hague.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_den_Bosch)
- Multatuli
Although the literary merit of Multatuli’s work was widely criticised, he received an unexpected and most valuable ally in Carel Vosmaer who published a book (The Sower 1874) praising him.[1] He continued to write much, and to publish his miscellanies in uniform volumes called Ideas, of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877 and also contain his novel Woutertje Pieterse.
Dekker left Holland, and went to live in Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz, where he made several attempts to write for the stage. One of his pieces, The School for Princes (published in 1875 in the fourth volume of Ideas), expresses his non-conformist views on politics, society and religion. He moved his residence to Nieder Ingelheim, on the Rhine, where he died in 1887.
Godert Alexander Gerard Philip, Baron van der Capellen (December 15, 1778 – April 10, 1848) was a Dutch statesman from Utrecht.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multatuli)
- Conrad Theodore van Deventer
Dutch magazine "De Gids". In this article Van Deventer stated that
the Netherlands had a dept of honor of nearly 190 million gulden
opposite the Dutch East Indies and had to pay for this dept of honor.[31][32] When the Dutch East Indian budget was discussed in the House of Representatives a lot of attention was paid to Van Deventer's article, although not all members agreed with the content of the article.[33] Van Deventer was appointed member of the editorial board of "The Gids" as of January 1, 1901.[34] Over the next years until his death he would write numerous articles in this magazine.[35] In June 1901 Van Deventer accepted his candidacy for the electoral association Schiedam (for the Free-thinking Democratic League), located the Schiedam, for the elections for the House of Representatives, but was not chosen.[36]
In lectures Van Deventer showed himself a supporter for the
installation of a Dutch East Indian House of Representatives in the
Dutch East Indies.[37] In June 1902 he was appointed member of the "Algemeen Nederlands Verbond" (General Dutch Covenant)[38]
and wrote in het "Tijdschrift voor Nederlands-Indië" (Magazine for the
Dutch East Indies) together with others, a concept colonial program; in
this program the authors stated that the administrative power should lie
more with the residents of the Dutch East Indies and that the
government of the Netherlands should limit it's interference to general
government principles only.[39] It seems contradictory that he also signed the telegram, send to general J. B. van Heutsz, in which he was complemented with the submission of Panglima Polim (a local leader), which was achieved by military force, in Aceh.[40]
Van Deventer became a member of the board of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (1903)[41] and that same year attended the meeting in London of the "Institut Colonial International".[42] In September 1904 he was appointed knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion.[43]
He kept writing articles in different magazines, other than The Gids;
for instance he published a series of four articles in the Soerabaijasch
Handelsblad in December 1904, called "Over de suikercultuur- en
suikerindustrie" (about the sugar industry).[44] On September 19, 1905 Van Deventer was elected as a member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Amsterdam IX[45] and as such he emphasized his three focus points regarding Dutch East Indian policy: education, irrigation and emigration.[46] He was also a promotor of the so-called Dutch Ethical Policy[45]
but at the same time said in a speech given in the House of
Representatives on November 16, 1905, that if persuasion did not work it
would be inevitable to use military force.[47]
In a series of articles in the "Soerabajasch Handelsblad" in August
1908 called "Insulinde's toekomst" (the future of the Dutch East Indies)
he wrote about the importance of eductation and the creation of new
jobs for natives on higher management levels.[48] Van Deventer was not reelected and left the House of Representatives on 21 September 1909.[49]
- Van der Cappellen
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Theodor_van_Deventer)
- Willem Janssen
Willem Janssen (flourished 1603-1628), mariner, of Amsterdam, was, according to Valentijn, a foundling. He received at least enough education to enable him to write a good hand and to become expert in navigation. He is first distinguishable from his many namesakes when, in December 1603, he sailed from Holland for the East as skipper of the small yacht Duyfken in the fleet of van der Hagen. In 1605-06 he took part as her skipper in the first discovery of any part of the Australian coastline when he examined the east coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria from 11°S to 14°S. On his return from that expedition he was desultorily employed as a skipper for several years and served for a time in the squadron commanded by Jan Roossengin. In January 1611 he was appointed an upper-merchant and sailed for home in that grade.
He returned to the East in November 1612 and served in Moluccan waters as an upper-merchant and for a time as governor or commandeur of Fort Henricus on Solor. At the end of 1616 he again went home as upper-merchant and in July 1617 took his discharge. In August he re-enlisted in his former grade but with the promise of early employment as a vice-governor or commandeur at sea. In January 1618 he set out in the Mauritius for Java, and on 31 July called at Cloates Land, which he reported as a new discovery, being ignorant of Mibaise’s earlier sighting of it. His landing party saw, near North-West Cape, footprints and smoke signals: the earliest evidence that Eendracht’s Land was inhabited. On reaching Jacatra he was called into consultation by the governor-general and in March 1619 was appointed to the Council of the Indies. He took part in the operations in which Coen relieved the fort and destroyed the town of Jacatra, and soon afterwards sailed to Tiku where he captured four ships of the English East India Co., which had aided the Javanese. For his part in this he was decorated with a chain of honour.
In June 1620 he was appointed vice-admiral to Robert Adams of an Anglo-Dutch ‘Fleet of Defence’ against the Iberian powers. The fleet made an unprofitable cruise and next year the positions of the senior officers were reversed, Janssen becoming admiral. When the English withdrew from these operations he continued them for a time as admiral of the Dutch ships, but eventually retired to Batavia. In October 1623, the government of Banda having fallen into disorder, he was appointed governor there and took up the office in December. He soon restored the place to order and established churches and schools, financing the schools by a lottery. He served there until February 1627, then returned to Batavia and was appointed commandeur of a fleet for a voyage to Persia. He returned in June 1628, and soon afterwards, when the Mataram laid siege to Batavia, he lent Coen valuable support in its defence, though by reason of his age he was not permitted to face the enemy at the head of troops. In November 1628 he was sent home as one of the three joint-commanders of a fleet which reached Holland in July 1629. On arrival he was sent to report to the States-General and the stadtholder on the state of the Indies, and thereafter he drops out of sight. It does not appear that he ever married.
(http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/janssen-willem-2270)
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