Questions!
1) Give a
brief explanations about their policy and invention for each oh them:
- Herman
William Daendels
- Thomas Stamford Raffles
- Van Den Bosch
- Multatuli
- Conrad Theodore van Deventer
- Van der Cappellen
- Willem Janssen
2) Use picture
in your explanations!
3) Have to
use English
Answers
Louis Bonaparte made Daendels colonel-general in 1806 and
Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in 1807. After a long voyage,
he arrived in the city of Batavia (now Jakarta) on 5 January 1808 and
relieved the former Governor General, Albertus Wiese. His primary task
was to rid the island of Java of the British Army, which he promptly
achieved.
He built new hospitals and military barracks, a new arms factories in
Surabaya and Semarang, and a new military college in Batavia. He
demolished the Castle in Batavia and replaced it with a new fort at
Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara), and built Fort Lodewijk in Surabaya.
However, his best-known achievement was the construction of the Great
Post Road (Indonesian: Jalan Raya Pos) across northern Java from Anjer
to Panaroecan. The road now serves as the main road in the island of
Java, called Jalur Pantura. The thousand-kilometre road was completed in
only one year, during which thousands of Javanese forced labourers
died.
He displayed a firm attitude towards the Javanese rulers, with the
result that the rulers were willing to work with the British against the
Dutch. He also subjected the population of Java to forced labour
(Rodi). There were some rebellious actions against this, such as those
in Cadas Pangeran, West Java.
There is considerable debate as to whether he increased the
efficiency of the local bureaucracy and reduced corruption, although he
certainly enriched himself during this period.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels)
Raffles arrived in Bencoolen (Bengkulu) on 19 March 1818. Despite the
prestige connected with the title of Governor-General, Bencoolen was a
colonial backwater whose only real export was pepper and only the murder
of a previous Resident, Thomas Parr, gained it any attention back home
in Britain. Raffles found the place wrecked, and set about reforms
immediately, mostly similar to what he had done in Java – abolishing
slavery and limiting cockfighting and such games. To replace the slaves,
he used a contingent of convicts, already sent to him from India. It is
at this point when he realized the importance of a British presence
that both challenged the Dutch hegemony in the area and could remain
consistently profitable, unlike Bencoolen or Batavia. However, the
strategic importance of poorly-maintained but well-positioned British
possessions such as Penang or Bencoolen made it impossible for the
British to abandon such unprofitable colonies in such proximity to the
Dutch in Java. The competition in the area, between Raffles and the
aggressive Dutch de jure Governor, Elout, certainly led at least in part
to the later Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. Raffles looked into
alternatives in the area – namely Bangka, which had been ceded to the
Dutch after its conquest by the British during its occupation of Java.
Bintan was also under consideration. Despite the fact that Francis
Light overlooked the island before settling upon Penang in 1786, the
Riau Archipelago was an attractive choice just to the south of the Malay
Peninsula, for its proximity to Malacca. In his correspondences with
Calcutta, Raffles also emphasized the need to establish a certain amount
of influence with the native chiefs, which had greatly waned since the
return of the Dutch. Raffles sent Thomas Travers as an ambassador to the
Dutch, to possibly negotiate an expansion of British economic
interests. When this failed, and when Raffles’ own expeditions into his
new dominion found only treacherous terrain and few exportable goods,
his desire to establish a better British presence was cemented.
However, the Anglo-Dutch Convention of 1814 was not completely clear,
especially on the issue of certain possessions such as Padang. The
Convention of 1814 only returned Dutch territory that was held before
1803, which did not include Padang. Raffles asserted the British claim
personally, leading a small expedition to the Sultanate of Minangkabau.
Yet, as Raffles confirmed with the sultan regarding the absolute British
influence of the area, he realized that the local rulers had only
limited power over the well-cultivated and civilized country, and the
treaty was largely symbolic and had little actual force.
Meanwhile, Major William Farquhar, the British Resident of Malacca, had
been attempting to negotiate commercial treaties with the local chiefs
of the Riau Archipelago, especially with the heads of the Sultanate of
Johore. Due to the death and subsequent turmoil of the sultanate at the
time of Farquhar’s arrival, Farquhar was compelled to sign the treaty
not with the official head of the sultanate, but rather, the Raja Muda
(Regent or Crown Prince) of Riau. Noting it as a success and reporting
it as such back to Raffles, Raffles sailed to Malacca in late 1818 to
personally secure a British presence in the Riau area, especially
Singapura, which was favoured by him both through the readings of
Malayan histories and by Farquhar’s explorations.
Despite Lord Hastings’ less-than-stellar opinion of Raffles before
(which had necessitated his trip to England to clear his name at the end
of his tenure as Governor-General of Java), the now well-connected and
successful Raffles was able to secure the permission to set up a
settlement where in Malaysian history the name Lion City was applied and
was in a strategically advantageous position. However, he was not to
provoke the Dutch, and his actions were officially disavowed. Despite
the best efforts in London by authorities such as the Viscount
Castlereagh to quell Dutch fears and the continuing efforts to reach an
agreement between the nations that eventually became the Anglo-Dutch
Treaty of London of 1824, as well as to send instructions to Raffles to
undertake far less intrusive actions, the distance between the Far East
and Europe had meant that the orders had no chance of reaching Raffles
in time for his venture to begin.
After a brief survey of the Karimun Islands, on 29 January 1819, he
established a post at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It was
established that there was no Dutch presence on the island of Singapore.
Johore also no longer had any control of the area, so contact was made
with the local Temenggong, or Raja. The contacts were friendly and
Raffles, knowledgeable about the muddled political situation, took
advantage to provide a rudimentary treaty between the nominal chiefs of
the area that called for the exclusivity of trade and the British
protection of the area. Members of Raffles’ party surveyed the island
and proceeded to request the presence of the sultan, or whoever at the
time had supreme nominal power, to sign a formal treaty, while Major
Farquhar was ordered to do the same in Rhio (Riau). A few days later,
the formal treaty was signed by a man who claimed to be the “lawful
sovereign of the whole of territories extending from Lingga and Johor to
Mount Muar”. This man was Hussein Shah of Johor, who, although having
had no previous contact with the British, had certainly heard of the
might of the British navy and was in no position to argue against the
terms. However, Raffles was able to charm the man and to reassure him
that the Dutch posed no threat in the area. Hussein Shah had been the
crown Prince of Johor, but while he was away in Pahang to get married,
his father died and his younger brother was made sultan, supported by
some of the court officials and the Dutch. To circumvent the situation
of having to negotiate with a sultan influenced by the Dutch, Raffles
decided to recognise, on behalf of the British Crown, Hussein Shah as
being the rightful ruler of Johor. Farquhar’s attempt to establish a
more favorable treaty in Rhio (Riau) was met with greater challenge, as
the Dutch were present and made for a rather awkward position. The Dutch
were alarmed and sent a small contingent to the island. Despite a
covert offer of subterfuge against the Dutch offered by the Raja of Rhio
(Riau), Farquhar returned and an official protest was sent by the Raja
to Java regarding the matter.
Raffles declared the foundation of what was to become modern
Singapore on 6 February, securing the transfer of control of the island
to the East India Company. With much pomp and ceremony, the official
treaty was read aloud in languages representing all nations present, as
well as the Malay and Chinese inhabitants. Hussein Shah was paid $5,000 a
year while the local Temenggong received $3,000 a year, both massive
sums at the time, equivalent to several hundred thousand dollars now..
Farquhar was officially named the Resident of Singapore as Raffles was
named as “Agent to the Most Noble the Governor-General with the States
of Rhio (Riau),Lingin and Johor”. Although ownership of the post was to
be exclusively British, explicit orders were given to Farquhar to
maintain free passage of ships through the Strait of Singapore and a
small military presence was established alongside the trading post.
After issuing orders to Farquhar and the remaining Europeans, Raffles
left the next day, 7 February 1819.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Raffles)
van den Bosch arrived in Java in 1797 as a lieutenant, but was quickly
promoted to colonel. He departed in 1810, because of differences with
Governor-General Daendels. After his return to Holland in November 1813,
Van den Bosch agitated for the return of the House of Orange.
He was recommissioned in the army as a Colonel and made Commander of
Maastricht. He later became a Major General. Van den Bosch helped found
the Society for the Founding of Poor Colonies and was especially
associated with the Colony of Frederiksoord.
In 1827, he became the commissary general and was sent back to
Jakarta, where he was made Governor-General in 1830. Van den Bosch
returned to the Netherlands five years later and took over the governing
of the colony. He retired voluntarily in 1839, when he was elevated to
the noble rank of Count and made Minister of State on December 25 of
that year. Van den Bosch died on January 1844 at his estate in the
Hague.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_den_Bosch)
His real name is E.F.E. Douwes Dekker. in 1860, he published his novel
Max Havelaar under the pseudonym of Multatuli. Dekker’s new pseudonym,
which is derived from Latin, means, “I have suffered much”, or, more
literally “I have borne much” referring to himself, as well as, it is
thought, to the victims of the injustices he saw. An attempt was made to
suppress the inflammatory book, but in vain; it was read all over
Europe. Colonialist apologists accused Dekker’s horrific depictions of
being hyperbolic. Multatuli now began his literary career, and published
Love Letters (1861), which, in spite of their mild title, were mordant,
unsparing satires.
Although the literary merit of Multatuli’s work was widely
criticised, he received an unexpected and most valuable ally in Carel
Vosmaer who published a book (The Sower 1874) praising him.[1] He
continued to write much, and to publish his miscellanies in uniform
volumes called Ideas, of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877 and
also contain his novel Woutertje Pieterse.
Dekker left Holland, and went to live in Ingelheim am Rhein near
Mainz, where he made several attempts to write for the stage. One of his
pieces, The School for Princes (published in 1875 in the fourth volume
of Ideas), expresses his non-conformist views on politics, society and
religion. He moved his residence to Nieder Ingelheim, on the Rhine,
where he died in 1887.
Godert Alexander Gerard Philip, Baron van der Capellen (December 15, 1778 – April 10, 1848) was a Dutch statesman from Utrecht.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multatuli)
- Conrad Theodore van Deventer
Dutch magazine "De Gids". In this article Van Deventer stated that
the Netherlands had a dept of honor of nearly 190 million gulden
opposite the Dutch East Indies and had to pay for this dept of honor.
[31][32] When the Dutch East Indian budget was discussed in the
House of Representatives a lot of attention was paid to Van Deventer's article, although not all members agreed with the content of the article.
[33] Van Deventer was appointed member of the editorial board of "The Gids" as of January 1, 1901.
[34] Over the next years until his death he would write numerous articles in this magazine.
[35] In June 1901 Van Deventer accepted his candidacy for the electoral association Schiedam (for the
Free-thinking Democratic League), located the
Schiedam, for the elections for the House of Representatives, but was not chosen.
[36]
In lectures Van Deventer showed himself a supporter for the
installation of a Dutch East Indian House of Representatives in the
Dutch East Indies.
[37] In June 1902 he was appointed member of the "Algemeen Nederlands Verbond" (General Dutch Covenant)
[38]
and wrote in het "Tijdschrift voor Nederlands-Indië" (Magazine for the
Dutch East Indies) together with others, a concept colonial program; in
this program the authors stated that the administrative power should lie
more with the residents of the Dutch East Indies and that the
government of the Netherlands should limit it's interference to general
government principles only.
[39] It seems contradictory that he also signed the telegram, send to
general J. B. van Heutsz, in which he was complemented with the submission of Panglima Polim (a local leader), which was achieved by military force, in
Aceh.
[40]
Van Deventer became a member of the board of the
Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (1903)
[41] and that same year attended the meeting in
London of the "Institut Colonial International".
[42] In September 1904 he was appointed knight in the
Order of the Netherlands Lion.
[43]
He kept writing articles in different magazines, other than The Gids;
for instance he published a series of four articles in the Soerabaijasch
Handelsblad in December 1904, called "Over de suikercultuur- en
suikerindustrie" (about the sugar industry).
[44] On September 19, 1905 Van Deventer was elected as a member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Amsterdam IX
[45] and as such he emphasized his three focus points regarding Dutch East Indian policy: education, irrigation and emigration.
[46] He was also a promotor of the so-called
Dutch Ethical Policy[45]
but at the same time said in a speech given in the House of
Representatives on November 16, 1905, that if persuasion did not work it
would be inevitable to use military force.
[47]
In a series of articles in the "Soerabajasch Handelsblad" in August
1908 called "Insulinde's toekomst" (the future of the Dutch East Indies)
he wrote about the importance of eductation and the creation of new
jobs for natives on higher management levels.
[48] Van Deventer was not reelected and left the House of Representatives on 21 September 1909.
[49]
Van der Capellen was the son of a cavalry colonel. He was made Prefect
of Friesland in 1808 and soon thereafter Minister of the Interior and a
member of the Privy Council. At his advice, King Louis Napoleon
abdicated the throne in 1810 in favor of his son, Louis II. Van der
Capellen did not serve Napoleon I. Wilhelm I, King of the Netherlands,
appointed him Colonial Minister and sent him as Secretary of United
Kingdom of the Netherlands to Brussels. In 1815, van de Capellen was
made the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, where he had to deal
with both a native rebellion and a money shortage. In fact, during his
tenure in Java, his power was largely ceremonial as his adjunct,
Cornelis Theodorus Elout, had much of the actual power. He was ordered
back in 1825 and named President of the Board of Trustees of the
University of Utrecht in 1828. In 1838, he attended the coronation of
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in London as the Dutch envoy. Van de
Capellen then served as the Lord Chamberlain of King William II. He died
in April 1848 in De Bilt.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Theodor_van_Deventer)
Willem Janssen (flourished 1603-1628), mariner, of Amsterdam, was,
according to Valentijn, a foundling. He received at least enough
education to enable him to write a good hand and to become expert in
navigation. He is first distinguishable from his many namesakes when, in
December 1603, he sailed from Holland for the East as skipper of the
small yacht Duyfken in the fleet of van der Hagen. In 1605-06 he took
part as her skipper in the first discovery of any part of the Australian
coastline when he examined the east coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria
from 11°S to 14°S. On his return from that expedition he was desultorily
employed as a skipper for several years and served for a time in the
squadron commanded by Jan Roossengin. In January 1611 he was appointed
an upper-merchant and sailed for home in that grade.
He returned to the East in November 1612 and served in Moluccan
waters as an upper-merchant and for a time as governor or commandeur of
Fort Henricus on Solor. At the end of 1616 he again went home as
upper-merchant and in July 1617 took his discharge. In August he
re-enlisted in his former grade but with the promise of early employment
as a vice-governor or commandeur at sea. In January 1618 he set out in
the Mauritius for Java, and on 31 July called at Cloates Land, which he
reported as a new discovery, being ignorant of Mibaise’s earlier
sighting of it. His landing party saw, near North-West Cape, footprints
and smoke signals: the earliest evidence that Eendracht’s Land was
inhabited. On reaching Jacatra he was called into consultation by the
governor-general and in March 1619 was appointed to the Council of the
Indies. He took part in the operations in which Coen relieved the fort
and destroyed the town of Jacatra, and soon afterwards sailed to Tiku
where he captured four ships of the English East India Co., which had
aided the Javanese. For his part in this he was decorated with a chain
of honour.
In June 1620 he was appointed vice-admiral to Robert Adams of an
Anglo-Dutch ‘Fleet of Defence’ against the Iberian powers. The fleet
made an unprofitable cruise and next year the positions of the senior
officers were reversed, Janssen becoming admiral. When the English
withdrew from these operations he continued them for a time as admiral
of the Dutch ships, but eventually retired to Batavia. In October 1623,
the government of Banda having fallen into disorder, he was appointed
governor there and took up the office in December. He soon restored the
place to order and established churches and schools, financing the
schools by a lottery. He served there until February 1627, then returned
to Batavia and was appointed commandeur of a fleet for a voyage to
Persia. He returned in June 1628, and soon afterwards, when the Mataram
laid siege to Batavia, he lent Coen valuable support in its defence,
though by reason of his age he was not permitted to face the enemy at
the head of troops. In November 1628 he was sent home as one of the
three joint-commanders of a fleet which reached Holland in July 1629. On
arrival he was sent to report to the States-General and the stadtholder
on the state of the Indies, and thereafter he drops out of sight. It
does not appear that he ever married.
(
http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/janssen-willem-2270)
